LEADERSHIP IN AN ORGANIZATION
A. Preliminary Leadership is one topic that is always interesting to be studied and studied, because the most widely observed phenomena at the same time the least understood. The phenomenon of leadership in the state of Indonesia has also proven how leadership has been a huge influence on political life and state. In the business world, leadership is very strong influence on the course of the organization and its survival. In the era of globalization and free trade only company capable of conducting continuous improvement (continuous improvement) in the formation of competitive advantage that is able to thrive. Organizations must now be guided by flexibility, good teamwork, trust, and dissemination of adequate information. Conversely, organizations that are satisfied with themselves and maintain the status quo will sink and then just waiting for the moment of his death. Leadership as a determinant of the direction and goals of the organization must be able to mensikapi developments of this era. Leaders who can not anticipate this changing world, or at least do not respond, most likely will incorporate the organization in a situation of stagnation and eventually collapse. (Harsiwi, 2003) To demonstrate how important leadership and how people need it, until there is an opinion stating that the world or of mankind in this world is essentially determined only by a few people, namely the status as a leader. The Malay proverb which states, Äújika same elephant elephants fight, pelanduk dead in the middle, Äù in line with the above expression. Thus if a group of people with the status of these leaders decided to create world war as the only way out of conflict, the human race in the world as penduknya will die in the midst of the conflict field. This is simply an affirmation of the Malay proverb, and the ferocity of opinion over who would claim that the leader and leadership, especially in determining once in human life. (Thoha, 1996) The level of leadership effectiveness is not determined by one or several leaders. Effectiveness was precisely the result of joint between the leader and the people who dipimpinnya.Pemimpin not be able to do much without the participation of the people they lead. Instead the people who led, will not effectively carry out its duties and obligations, without any control, direction, and cooperation with the leaders. This participation is crucial factor in leadership, so the more active the people who led (members of the group / organization) in participation, it will semakain dynamic life groups / organizations. Participation in thinking to solve problems of groups / organizations should be encouraged to take place effective leadership. Participation in activities necessary to realize the decision to be nurtured and developed, so that organizational goals can be achieved optimally. In part this also developing creativity and initiative that makes the organization to be dynamic, because the leader is the central figure that is open on various reform and innovation, which will affect the development and progress of the organization. Attempts to realize the participation of members of the organization is basically dependent on the ability to realize an effective human relations. Relationships such as this is an opportunity for members to mengkomukasikan result of thought, among the leaders or members and between members. In an effective human relationships that each leader an opportunity in exploring creativity and initiative, which can be utilized to realize and develop the organization. B. Understanding Leadership As an introduction to logic in discussing issues of leadership, the following will be presented several expert opinions regarding the meaning or definition of leadership, among others: According to Gary Yulk (1998:4), define leadership broadly the processes affect the interpretation menganai group or organization, organization of work activities to achieve those goals, the motivation of the followers to reach the target, maintaining a cooperative relationship and tam work and acquisition support and cooperation from people outside the group or organization. Susilo Martoyo (1998: 166) states that leadership is the overall activity in order to influence people to want to work together to achieve a common goal that is desirable. According to Stephen P. Robbins (2001: 39) provides definitions of leadership as an ability to influence a group toward the achievement of objectives. Meanwhile, according to Keth Davis (1972: 100) states that leadership is the ability to influence (persuade) others to achieve goals with enthusiasm. Of the several definitions of leadership at the top can be argued that leadership is the ability of each leadership in influencing and moving the subordinates in such a way that their subordinates to work with a sense of spirit and passionate, willing to cooperate and have a high discipline, where the subordinates are bound together in a group- together to achieve mutually agreed objectives. A leader is said to be able to direct and influence subordinates viewed the attitudes of behavior, and satisfaction in work. This can be seen from the employees themselves who love, respect, admire and have a strong commitment to implement the request of the leadership. C. Leadership In Organizations Judging from the situational approach states that the properties were not the only thing that determines the degree and quality of leadership, but the situation and lingkunganlah is the determining factor. So, someone efficient leader at the present time are not necessarily capable of serving leadership duties at other times with different conditions (Kartini Kartono, 1990) For example, an airplane pilot who experienced an emergency landing in a swamp or jungle region, not necessarily capable of being a leader to take his passengers out of the swamp area. He will hand over the leadership out of swampland and forest to someone who used to live in such a region. Thus, the functional attributes of leadership that is closely related to the situation. Emergency and environmental conditions may encourage someone to become a leader and perform appropriate actions in response to the challenge of the situation. If the organization is in critical condition, it will emerge a leader who is able to overcome the crisis, a day-to-day just to function as an ordinary member. In this case, there is confidence that comes from outside / private environment to lift the person as a leader. If the emphasis is place on the properties of one leader, and also there is no protrusion on the desires of the group, but no determination of the relation between the will, the group with the leader's personal traits at one time (situations) specific, the approach of this kind referred to as the interactionist approach. As an example of events occurring in the ground water is the event as follows: in every department there is the Inspectorate General in charge of implementing internal controls. In addition, governments have a special officer to oversee the implementation of the budget, the Directorate of State Finance, to oversee all departments. Also there is the Supreme Audit Board. However, by the number of non beresan financial administration and lack of effective supervision, it is necessary to set up a special team, Äúoperasi orderly, Äù, namely the receipt of a person becomes a leader in the team and supported by all levels of society with hope for the state administration could be more orderly and corruption can be reduced drastically. In the situation above, there is a relation between situations, namely the chaotic administration of the government apparatus in the region is so vast homeland, in hopes of government leaders, and hope all layers of society that requires decisive action and corrective. With this in such circumstances, a prominent leader with abilities and special powers to overcome the situation was quite complicated. On the other hand the organization in desperate need of a reliable leader in bringing the organization for the better, for example, Betti S. Alisjabhana, the first Indonesian woman who is given the trust by foreign companies IBM, to become the leader of IBM's representative company in Indonesia is an example of a leader who can bring a company led achieve satisfactory results, amid increasingly competitive field of Information Technology (IT) is increasingly heavy. As someone who is trusted as President Director of PT IBM Indonesia, Betty should be able to bring this company to obtain a satisfactory result in the sale and marketing of hardware, software, and can provide services needed by the customer. With the leadership strategies employed by Betti, big results obtained by IBM Indonesia at this time can be measured with an increasing customer satisfaction, can obtain a competitive position in the market, as well as IBM's own employee satisfaction. Meanwhile, Budi Setiadharma, President Director of PT Astra International Tbk, said the strategy of good leadership is knowing very well what is the competence of the company and try to develop it. As someone who once took the Astra out of trouble due to the large corporate debt, while existing policies prohibiting additional investments, Budi managed to streamline the costs that must be spent Astra, so the company can continue to survive. (Kompas.com, 25 Feb) According to Budi, there are nine characteristics of good leaders namely, the existence of a mission and obsession, the courage to be different and to take risks. In addition, a leader must also be able to encourage his subordinates to achieve the vision and mission. Have integrity, commitment, good cooperation within the team, has a sensitivity to the business world, and can build a good image outside the company. D. Cover Leadership is an activity to affect the behavior of others so that they would be directed to achieve certain goals. To achieve these objectives of cooperation within an organization requires each member to know exactly and clearly the duties and responsibilities, in accordance with the position / positions respectively. Clarity that will allow every member of the organization participate maximally in carrying out their field activities, which will also contribute to the achievement of common goals. With creativity and initiative which is distributed by the leader of the organization, meaning each member the opportunity to realize their ability to the fullest. These capabilities will deliver a successful member of the organization on the basis of achievements that will affect and enhance his career in the environmental organization. For that leadership must be able to encourage the persingan an honest and fair, allowing the organization to grow dynamically. Leaders do not always determine the success of the organization, because to achieve success in the organization, leaders need other people, men and staff. Without the support, assistance and cooperation of others impossible leader can lead the organization achieve progress. However, important decisions are entirely in the hands of leaders. But in taking a decision, the previous leader's men still involves opinion.
A. Preliminary Leadership is one topic that is always interesting to be studied and studied, because the most widely observed phenomena at the same time the least understood. The phenomenon of leadership in the state of Indonesia has also proven how leadership has been a huge influence on political life and state. In the business world, leadership is very strong influence on the course of the organization and its survival. In the era of globalization and free trade only company capable of conducting continuous improvement (continuous improvement) in the formation of competitive advantage that is able to thrive. Organizations must now be guided by flexibility, good teamwork, trust, and dissemination of adequate information. Conversely, organizations that are satisfied with themselves and maintain the status quo will sink and then just waiting for the moment of his death. Leadership as a determinant of the direction and goals of the organization must be able to mensikapi developments of this era. Leaders who can not anticipate this changing world, or at least do not respond, most likely will incorporate the organization in a situation of stagnation and eventually collapse. (Harsiwi, 2003) To demonstrate how important leadership and how people need it, until there is an opinion stating that the world or of mankind in this world is essentially determined only by a few people, namely the status as a leader. The Malay proverb which states, Äújika same elephant elephants fight, pelanduk dead in the middle, Äù in line with the above expression. Thus if a group of people with the status of these leaders decided to create world war as the only way out of conflict, the human race in the world as penduknya will die in the midst of the conflict field. This is simply an affirmation of the Malay proverb, and the ferocity of opinion over who would claim that the leader and leadership, especially in determining once in human life. (Thoha, 1996) The level of leadership effectiveness is not determined by one or several leaders. Effectiveness was precisely the result of joint between the leader and the people who dipimpinnya.Pemimpin not be able to do much without the participation of the people they lead. Instead the people who led, will not effectively carry out its duties and obligations, without any control, direction, and cooperation with the leaders. This participation is crucial factor in leadership, so the more active the people who led (members of the group / organization) in participation, it will semakain dynamic life groups / organizations. Participation in thinking to solve problems of groups / organizations should be encouraged to take place effective leadership. Participation in activities necessary to realize the decision to be nurtured and developed, so that organizational goals can be achieved optimally. In part this also developing creativity and initiative that makes the organization to be dynamic, because the leader is the central figure that is open on various reform and innovation, which will affect the development and progress of the organization. Attempts to realize the participation of members of the organization is basically dependent on the ability to realize an effective human relations. Relationships such as this is an opportunity for members to mengkomukasikan result of thought, among the leaders or members and between members. In an effective human relationships that each leader an opportunity in exploring creativity and initiative, which can be utilized to realize and develop the organization. B. Understanding Leadership As an introduction to logic in discussing issues of leadership, the following will be presented several expert opinions regarding the meaning or definition of leadership, among others: According to Gary Yulk (1998:4), define leadership broadly the processes affect the interpretation menganai group or organization, organization of work activities to achieve those goals, the motivation of the followers to reach the target, maintaining a cooperative relationship and tam work and acquisition support and cooperation from people outside the group or organization. Susilo Martoyo (1998: 166) states that leadership is the overall activity in order to influence people to want to work together to achieve a common goal that is desirable. According to Stephen P. Robbins (2001: 39) provides definitions of leadership as an ability to influence a group toward the achievement of objectives. Meanwhile, according to Keth Davis (1972: 100) states that leadership is the ability to influence (persuade) others to achieve goals with enthusiasm. Of the several definitions of leadership at the top can be argued that leadership is the ability of each leadership in influencing and moving the subordinates in such a way that their subordinates to work with a sense of spirit and passionate, willing to cooperate and have a high discipline, where the subordinates are bound together in a group- together to achieve mutually agreed objectives. A leader is said to be able to direct and influence subordinates viewed the attitudes of behavior, and satisfaction in work. This can be seen from the employees themselves who love, respect, admire and have a strong commitment to implement the request of the leadership. C. Leadership In Organizations Judging from the situational approach states that the properties were not the only thing that determines the degree and quality of leadership, but the situation and lingkunganlah is the determining factor. So, someone efficient leader at the present time are not necessarily capable of serving leadership duties at other times with different conditions (Kartini Kartono, 1990) For example, an airplane pilot who experienced an emergency landing in a swamp or jungle region, not necessarily capable of being a leader to take his passengers out of the swamp area. He will hand over the leadership out of swampland and forest to someone who used to live in such a region. Thus, the functional attributes of leadership that is closely related to the situation. Emergency and environmental conditions may encourage someone to become a leader and perform appropriate actions in response to the challenge of the situation. If the organization is in critical condition, it will emerge a leader who is able to overcome the crisis, a day-to-day just to function as an ordinary member. In this case, there is confidence that comes from outside / private environment to lift the person as a leader. If the emphasis is place on the properties of one leader, and also there is no protrusion on the desires of the group, but no determination of the relation between the will, the group with the leader's personal traits at one time (situations) specific, the approach of this kind referred to as the interactionist approach. As an example of events occurring in the ground water is the event as follows: in every department there is the Inspectorate General in charge of implementing internal controls. In addition, governments have a special officer to oversee the implementation of the budget, the Directorate of State Finance, to oversee all departments. Also there is the Supreme Audit Board. However, by the number of non beresan financial administration and lack of effective supervision, it is necessary to set up a special team, Äúoperasi orderly, Äù, namely the receipt of a person becomes a leader in the team and supported by all levels of society with hope for the state administration could be more orderly and corruption can be reduced drastically. In the situation above, there is a relation between situations, namely the chaotic administration of the government apparatus in the region is so vast homeland, in hopes of government leaders, and hope all layers of society that requires decisive action and corrective. With this in such circumstances, a prominent leader with abilities and special powers to overcome the situation was quite complicated. On the other hand the organization in desperate need of a reliable leader in bringing the organization for the better, for example, Betti S. Alisjabhana, the first Indonesian woman who is given the trust by foreign companies IBM, to become the leader of IBM's representative company in Indonesia is an example of a leader who can bring a company led achieve satisfactory results, amid increasingly competitive field of Information Technology (IT) is increasingly heavy. As someone who is trusted as President Director of PT IBM Indonesia, Betty should be able to bring this company to obtain a satisfactory result in the sale and marketing of hardware, software, and can provide services needed by the customer. With the leadership strategies employed by Betti, big results obtained by IBM Indonesia at this time can be measured with an increasing customer satisfaction, can obtain a competitive position in the market, as well as IBM's own employee satisfaction. Meanwhile, Budi Setiadharma, President Director of PT Astra International Tbk, said the strategy of good leadership is knowing very well what is the competence of the company and try to develop it. As someone who once took the Astra out of trouble due to the large corporate debt, while existing policies prohibiting additional investments, Budi managed to streamline the costs that must be spent Astra, so the company can continue to survive. (Kompas.com, 25 Feb) According to Budi, there are nine characteristics of good leaders namely, the existence of a mission and obsession, the courage to be different and to take risks. In addition, a leader must also be able to encourage his subordinates to achieve the vision and mission. Have integrity, commitment, good cooperation within the team, has a sensitivity to the business world, and can build a good image outside the company. D. Cover Leadership is an activity to affect the behavior of others so that they would be directed to achieve certain goals. To achieve these objectives of cooperation within an organization requires each member to know exactly and clearly the duties and responsibilities, in accordance with the position / positions respectively. Clarity that will allow every member of the organization participate maximally in carrying out their field activities, which will also contribute to the achievement of common goals. With creativity and initiative which is distributed by the leader of the organization, meaning each member the opportunity to realize their ability to the fullest. These capabilities will deliver a successful member of the organization on the basis of achievements that will affect and enhance his career in the environmental organization. For that leadership must be able to encourage the persingan an honest and fair, allowing the organization to grow dynamically. Leaders do not always determine the success of the organization, because to achieve success in the organization, leaders need other people, men and staff. Without the support, assistance and cooperation of others impossible leader can lead the organization achieve progress. However, important decisions are entirely in the hands of leaders. But in taking a decision, the previous leader's men still involves opinion.
